Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), also known as gelatinase A or type IV collagenase, is a crucial zinc-dependent endopeptidase that plays essential roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and various physiological and pathological processes.
MCP-1 is characterized by; 13 kDa protein structure, Four cysteine residues forming two disulfide bonds, Belongs to the CC chemokine family, Highly conserved across species
Diabetes management has evolved over the years with the help of HbA1c which has become an essential diagnostic and monitoring parameter.
GLUT-1, which has a proper name of SLC2A1, is a membrane protein that is engaged in the facilitation of glucose transport across the cell membrane.
GDNF is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and belongs to the GDNF family ligands (GFLs).
Cystatin C, also known as cystatin 3, is a protein product of CST3 gene which is a small protein of 120 amino acids with molecular weight of about 13kd.
CD59, which is also referred to as protectin or membrane attack complex inhibitory factor (MACIF) is a small protein that is glycosylated and phosphorylated to attach to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) cell anchor.
Angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) is a large glycoprotein that is an angiopoietin which is a protein that contains a coiled-coil domain as well as a fibrinogen like domain.
TNFSF11 also called RANKL is a cytokine that is a member of tumor the necrosis factor super family.
TNF-α is one of the cytokines that have been investigated probably the most. It was discovered that this factor was able to induce tumor cell killing
Superoxide dismutase is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes produced in the body which is involved in combating oxidative stress.
The protein known as sclerostin originates from the SOST gene and was initially discovered during research, on conditions that impact bone density such as sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease.
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a 116-residue peptide that is the pro-hormone of calcitonin and has a molecular mass of about 13 kDa.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a metabolite that is produced during the lipid peroxidation process which occurs in the living organisms.
Lymphotoxin Alpha (LT-α), which is also called Tumor Necrosis Factor-β (TNF-β), is a cytokine that is involved in the development of the immune system, inflammation and host defence mechanisms.
IgA is one of the five main classes of antibodies that are found in the human body and there are two major types of IgA, namely the secretory IgA (sIgA) and the serum IgA.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties that is made of 178 amino acids wherein the active form is in the form of a homodimer.
Amylin or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) is a hormone made up of 37 amino acids that the pancreas beta cells release along, with insulin.
Homocysteine (HCY) is an amino acid which is made of sulfur and is not a protein amino acid. It is produced during the demethylation of methionine which is a amino acid that is gotten from the diet and is known as protein.
Hemoglobin A1c is commonly referred to as HbA1c. Plays a role, as a biomarker in providing valuable insights into an individual’s average blood sugar levels over the past few months – typically two to three months to be precise
Galectin-9 (GAL9) is one of the members of galectin family of proteins which is characterized by the presence of a tandem repeat of carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD).
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide also known as CGRP is a 37 amino acid neuropeptide which exists in two forms namely the α-CGRP and the β-CGRP.
CD81 is also referred to as TAPA‐1 (Target of Anti-proliferative Antibody 1) and it falls under the tetraspanin superfamily of proteins with a molecular weight of 26 kDa.
CD19 is a 95 kDa a transmembrane protein found on cell membranes that plays a role, in the B cell receptor (BCR) complex as part of the immunoglobulin family structure with two exterior immunoglobulin
Caspase 3 (CASP3) is a crucial member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family and is often referred to as the primary executioner caspase.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) a hormone consisting of eight acids with the sequence Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Phenylalanine is produced through a series of modifications, from larger precursor molecules.
Alpha melanocyte stimulation hormone (α-MSH) a 13 amino acid peptide hormone, sourced from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is an indispensable neuropeptide primarily produced in the pituitary glands intermediate lobe and also found in the hypothalamus and skin cells.
The 5-Nucleotidase (5-NT) or CD73 protein is an enzyme, in various parts of the body tissues. The enzyme is present in types; it can be found as a part of the cell membrane or in a form.
Pro-adrenomedullin is a prohormone that comes directly from the gene that encodes adrenomedullin – known for its molecular structure and complex processing methods.
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein primarily synthesized in the liver, with additional production in the choroid plexus of the brain and the retinal pigment epithelium.
Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) originates, from a pathway linked to the breakdown of arachidonic acid in the body's processes. The initial step involves the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which changes arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2.
The protein Sestrin-2 (SESN2) is part of the preserved sestrin protein family. Is known for its capacity to react to different types of stress within cells.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) a bioactive lipid mediator, for regulating inflammation and immune reactions as well as various bodily functions is derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX).
OxLDL emerges through a sophisticated process of lipid peroxidation, transforming native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into a highly reactive and potentially harmful molecular structure.
The molecular structure of Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) varies among different bacterial species but generally follows a common architectural pattern. The basic structure consists of three main components: Lipid Anchor, Backbone Chain and Modifications.
Irisin originates from a fascinating biochemical cascade that begins with a larger protein called FNDC5 (Fibronectin Type III Domain-Containing Protein 5).
Hepcidin (Hepc) is, like a hero which was discovered in the 2000s and is essential in the realm of iron processing. This tiny but mighty hormone produced in the liver plays a role in managing how iron is taken in by the body and stored
Ghrelin (GHRL) is a hormone made mainly in the fundic area of the stomach known for its molecular structure and changes after translation processes
Elastin (ELN) stands out as a protein known for its capacity to stretch and bounce back effectively. Playing a crucial role, in the physical attributes of many tissues in the body.
CXCL10 or Interferon gamma inducible Protein 10 (IP-10) is becoming increasingly recognized as a chemokine, in the realm of immune system communication and inflammatory reactions.
Claudin-5 (CLDN5) a protein embedded in cell membranes that's crucial, for preserving the integrity of barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Beta-Defensin 1 (DEFB1) exhibits distinctive molecular features that enable its antimicrobial function: 36-47 amino acid peptide, Three characteristic disulfide bonds
Beta Actin (ACTB) a well-preserved protein found within eukaryotic cells is vital, for cell structure and mobility as well as overseeing a range of cellular activities
Adrenomedullin (ADM) an extraordinary bioactive peptide that has intrigued researchers from fields, for its diverse functions in human physiology
ACE2, also known as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 has been a topic of interest lately because it plays a role, in regulating health and serving as the main gateway for specific coronaviruses to enter the body.
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) an oxysterol, with a role in managing cholesterol levels and cell signalling within the body's functions
The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) part of the nuclear receptor superfamily family role, in controlling the effects of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor, in the body's defence system that helps to combat infections and regulate inflammation processes effectively.
STXBP1 or Munc18-1, is a protein that's important, for releasing neurotransmitters and maintaining proper synaptic function in the nervous system.
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a role, as a transcription factor that controls functions within cells.
