Peptide YY (PYY): A Key Regulator of Appetite and Metabolism

Peptide YY (known as PYY) is a consisting of 36 amino acids primarily produced in the intestinal L-cells located in the lining of the body’s ileum and colon regions. It plays a vital role, in controlling hunger levels and maintaining energy balance while also influencing gastrointestinal functions. Having been first identified in the 1980s PYY has since garnered attention within the community particularly with regards to its impact on obesity metabolic disorders and gastrointestinal health. This article provides an in-depth exploration of PYYs structure functions and physiological significance along, with discussing its potential uses as a treatment option.

Structure and Production

PYY originates, from a precursor peptide called pro-PYY. Goes through alterations after translation to produce several forms; the significant ones are PYY1-36 and PYY3-36. The full-length version is known as PYY1-36 whereas PYY3-36 that is produced by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) transforms it into the variant PYY, which has a stronger connection to its receptors.

PYY is mainly produced in the intestinal L-cells. Gets triggered by the intake of nutrients, like fats and carbohydrates. When we eat food PYY is released into the blood affecting various target tissues.

Mechanism of Action

The function of PYY involves attaching to receptors the Y2 receptor (Y2R) and to a lesser extent to Y1 receptor (YR1). These receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor group. Are found extensively in both the brain, nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues.

1. The Y2 receptor is primarily linked to controlling appetite levels, in the body’s regulation system. The connection between PYY and Y2 receptor within the hypothalamus area inhibits neuropeptide Y (NPY) along, with agouti related peptide (AgRP) which are both known for stimulating one’s appetite; this process results in decreased food consumption and a sense of fullness being induced.
2. The Y1 receptor plays a role, in functions such as regulating gastrointestinal movement and maintaining fluid balance within the body system. PYY’s connection, with the Y1 receptor (Y1R) can impact both gut movement and secretion processes.

Physiological Roles

The primary role of PYY is commonly associated with controlling appetite; however, its functions go beyond that:

Appetite Suppression: After eating a meal and having levels of PYY hormone, in the body can help reduce hunger according to research studies done in clinics have shown that increased PYY levels are associated with eating food and feeling full which is important, for feeling satisfied after a meal.

Gastrointestinal Motility: The movement of the system is affected by PYY, which works to slow down the process of stomach and aids, in the movement of food through the intestines allowing for better absorption of nutrients and a gradual release of digestive enzymes.

Regulation of Gut Hormones: The hormone PYY collaborates, with gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1) as well as ghrelin to manage the intricate hormonal reactions, to eating food and maintain energy equilibrium.

Role in Insulin Secretion: Emerging research indicates that PYY may play a part, in managing glucose levels and promoting insulin release. It has been demonstrated to improve the body’s sensitivity to insulin, a factor that’s important, in conditions related to metabolism.

Influence on Energy Expenditure: Some research suggests that PYY could impact energy expenditure by influencing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; however, the specific mechanisms are still being explored.

Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

PYY has been thoroughly examined for its ability to curb appetite in connection, with obesity and metabolic issues. The levels of PYY are often altered in individuals dealing with obesity. They may have diminished reactions, to meal triggered secretion.

Obesity: Studies show that even though obese people may have levels of a hormone called PYY in their bodies the hormones effectiveness in making them feel full is often reduced. Experts believe this could be because the receptors it acts on become less responsive or because the usual signalling pathways are changed, making it hard for these individuals to experience a sense of satisfaction after eating.

Metabolic Syndrome: The connection, between PYY and metabolic syndrome is intricate and multifaceted in nature according to research findings.

Potential Therapeutics Target: Identifying a target, for intervention, in managing obesity involves considering the significant role played by the hormone peptide YY (PYY) in regulating appetite levels and inducing feelings of fullness to aid weight loss efforts through pharmaceutical means that enhance its signalling or mimic its effects.

Therapeutic Applications and Research Directions

Studies, on PYY have piqued curiosity regarding its uses in treating obesity and associated metabolic conditions.

1. PYY Analogues: Synthetic versions of PYY designed to replicate its ability to curb appetite without consequences could offer an approach, to combat obesity effectively by boosting PYY signalling to facilitate weight loss.
2. Combination Therapies: Using a mix of types of hormones, like GLP-1 or PYY alongside appetite control hormones could provide better outcomes, for weight loss and metabolic wellness.
3. Gut Microbiota Interaction: Emerging studies indicate a connection, between the composition of gut microbiota and the secretion levels of PYY hormone, a player, in regulating appetite and metabolism.

Suitable ELISA Kits

• Peptide YY ELISA Kit
• PYY ELISA Kit